Mandula

Mandula, or almond, refers to the edible seed of the almond tree, Prunus dulcis, a small to medium-sized deciduous tree in the rose family. The kernels are consumed as food and used to produce a wide range of products, including roasted nuts, almond milk, oil, flour, and marzipan. There are two main cultivated types: sweet almonds (Prunus dulcis var. dulcis) and bitter almonds (var. amara). Bitter almonds contain amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside, and are not eaten raw; they are processed to reduce cyanide levels or used as flavoring in small quantities.

Growing and cultivation: The tree is native to regions of Western Asia and the Mediterranean and is well suited to Mediterranean climates with cool, wet winters and dry, sunny summers. It prefers well-drained soil and full sun. Blossoms are white or pale pink, appearing in early spring. Pollination is largely by bees. The fruit is a drupe; the edible kernel lies inside a hard shell.

Uses and nutrition: Almonds are high in unsaturated fats, protein, fiber, vitamin E, and minerals such as magnesium. They are commonly eaten raw or roasted, added to desserts and savory dishes, or used to make almond milk, flour, butter, and oil.

Safety and production: Nuts are a common allergen. Bitter almonds pose a toxicity risk if consumed improperly; processed products are regulated to ensure safety. Commercial production is concentrated in several countries, with California, Spain, and Italy among the largest producers.