Makroautofágia

Makroautofágia, often shortened to autophagy, is a fundamental cellular process by which cells degrade and recycle their own damaged or unnecessary components. This process is essential for maintaining cellular health and homeostasis. It involves the formation of a double-membraned vesicle called an autophagosome, which engulfs cytoplasmic material, including organelles, protein aggregates, and pathogens. Once formed, the autophagosome fuses with a lysosome, an organelle containing digestive enzymes. Inside the lysosome, the engulfed material is broken down into its basic building blocks, such as amino acids and fatty acids, which can then be reused by the cell.

Autophagy plays a crucial role in various physiological and pathological conditions. It is vital for cellular quality control, removing misfolded proteins and damaged organelles that could otherwise lead to cellular dysfunction or death. During periods of nutrient starvation, autophagy can provide cells with essential nutrients by degrading non-essential components, thus supporting cell survival. Aberrations in autophagy have been implicated in a wide range of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, infectious diseases, and metabolic disorders. Research into autophagy continues to explore its therapeutic potential for treating these conditions.