Makonde

The Makonde, also known as Wamakonde, are an ethnic group in southeastern Africa. They live primarily in northern Mozambique, especially Cabo Delgado and Niassa, and in neighboring areas of southern Tanzania, including the Mtwara and Lindi regions. The Makonde speak Kimakonde, a Bantu language, and many in the region also use Swahili or Portuguese. They are part of the larger Bantu cultural and linguistic sphere.

Traditional Makonde society is organized around villages and kinship groups, with elders and local leaders playing key roles in governance. A core element of Makonde culture is wood carving, practiced by families as a means of livelihood and cultural expression. The carving tradition is renowned for technical skill and expressive style, ranging from abstract, elongated figures to narrative scenes that reflect daily life, myth, and history.

Makonde sculpture is produced mainly in hardwoods such as ebony and other durable timbers. Carvings portray human figures, animals, mythological beings, and everyday scenes, with the iconic Shetani or devil figures among the best known motifs. Since the mid-20th century, Makonde sculpture has gained international attention and is represented in museums and galleries around the world, influencing perceptions of modern African art.

Historically, Makonde communities engaged in agriculture, trade, and cross-border exchange along the Swahili coast. Under Portuguese rule in Mozambique and later colonial administration in Tanzania, they experienced significant social and cultural contact. In Mozambique, the Makonde plateau area was active in the independence movement around the Mueda uprising of 1960. Today, many Makonde practice a blend of Christianity, Islam, and traditional beliefs, with ceremonies and rituals continuing in rural areas.