Mafie

Mafie is a term used to describe organized criminal groups that operate outside the law, using violence, corruption, and coercion to control illegal markets and extract profits. The term is derived from the Italian mafia but is used broadly to refer to similar organizations around the world.

History and scope: The Sicilian mafia emerged in the 19th century; by the 20th century, networks spread to mainland Italy and later North America with Italian-American groups such as Cosa Nostra. Other well-known Italian groups include the ’Ndrangheta in Calabria and the Camorra in Campania. In addition to Italy, organized crime groups in various countries sometimes label themselves mafias or are described as mafias due to similar structures and activities.

Organization and methods: Mafias typically have a hierarchical structure with leaders, administrators, and operatives. They use a code of conduct, omertà, and internal discipline. They rely on corruption of public officials, protection rackets, and coercive violence to maintain control and deter rivals, while also coordinating illicit operations across regions.

Activities and economic role: Primary criminal activities include drug trafficking, extortion, loan sharking, illegal gambling, waste dumping, money laundering, and control of legitimate businesses to launder profits. Some mafias seek influence over local economies and politics, blending criminal and legal activities to expand their reach.

Impact and law enforcement: Governments have implemented specialized anti-mafia laws, witness protection programs, asset seizure, and prosecutions. High-profile trials have disrupted several organizations, though some groups remain persistent across decades and continue to adapt to new markets and technologies.

In culture: Depictions in literature and film have shaped public perception of mafias, but real organizations are criminal entities whose activities can harm communities, economies, and governance.