Madrasa

A madrasa is an educational institution in the Islamic world that traditionally focuses on religious sciences. The word madrasa comes from the Arabic root d-r-s, meaning to study, and is often translated as school or place of study. In many contexts, it refers to a formal Islamic school offering instruction in religious disciplines, though the term can also denote broader educational facilities.

Historically, madrasas emerged in the medieval Islamic world as endowments or institutions attached to mosques, tombs, or charitable trusts. The 11th century saw the founding of notable centers such as the Nizamiyya colleges in Baghdad and other cities, which helped shape standardized curricula. They were often funded by waqf endowments and played a central role in training scholars, judges, and teachers. Over time, madrasas varied in structure and affiliation across regions, from state-supported institutions to independent charitable foundations.

Curricula traditionally emphasized Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), theology (kalam), Qur’anic studies, Hadith, Arabic grammar, and rhetoric. In many regions, especially during the medieval period, science subjects such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy were also taught. Madrasas were sometimes affiliated with mosques or dedicated complexes, and students often resided there while receiving instruction.

Regional variations and modern developments have diversified the concept of a madrasa. Some traditional madrasas continue to prioritise religious sciences, while others incorporate secular subjects or function as modern schools. In South Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Southeast Asia, madrasa networks range from small local centers to large, organized institutions, reflecting local educational needs, cultural contexts, and government policies.