Macromolekulare

Macromolekulare, or macromolecular, describes molecules of large size and high molecular weight, typically formed by the linking together of many repeating units. Macromolecules encompass synthetic polymers, natural polymers, and biopolymers, and play a central role in chemistry, biology, and materials science.

In polymer science, a macromolecule is defined by high molecular weight, often exceeding several thousand g/mol, and by its ability to form long chain-like structures. Common examples include polyethylene, polystyrene, proteins, DNA, and cellulose.

Structure and properties: Chains may be linear, branched, or cross-linked; properties depend on chain length, branching, and intermolecular interactions. In biology, macromolecules fold into functional shapes.

Synthesis and analysis: Macromolecules are produced via polymerization reactions; methods include addition polymerization and condensation polymerization, as well as controlled or living polymerization to tailor molecular weight and architecture. Characterization employs gel permeation chromatography, light scattering, NMR, and infrared spectroscopy.

Applications and history: Macromolecules form materials (plastics, coatings, adhesives), medical devices, and biomaterials. Natural macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and polysaccharides underlie life processes. The concept of macromolecules was advanced in the early 20th century by Hermann Staudinger, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1953 for establishing their polymeric nature.