Lithiumionkathoden

Lithiumionkathoden, or lithium-ion cathode, is the positive electrode in lithium-ion batteries. In a typical cell, during discharge lithium ions are extracted from the cathode lattice and migrate through the electrolyte to the anode; charging reverses this process. The cathode determines the cell's nominal voltage, energy density, power capability, and cycle life.

Common families include layered transition-metal oxides such as LiCoO2 (LCO) and mixed-metal variants in the LiNixMnyCozO2 family (NMC) and LiNixCoyAlzO2 family (NCA); spinel LiMn2O4 (LMO); and olivine LiFePO4 (LFP). Electrode chemistries are selected to balance capacity, rate capability, cost, and safety. In layered oxides, the metal cations switch oxidation state during lithiation/delithiation (for example Co3+/Co4+ in LCO or Ni2+/Ni4+ in NMC), enabling high operating voltages typically around 3.7–4.3 volts vs Li/Li+.

Structure enables intercalation rather than alloying, which helps preserve lattice integrity during cycling. However, many cathodes suffer from capacity fade, voltage decay, and thermal stability issues at high state of charge or temperature. Cobalt content, nickel content, and particle design influence performance and cost. Surface coatings, dopants, and optimized particle morphologies are used to improve cyclability and safety.

Lithium-ion cathodes are widely used in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems. Ongoing research aims to increase energy density, extend cycle life, reduce cobalt dependence, and enhance safety, including development of cobalt-free chemistries and advanced solid-state battery designs.