Lisämunuaisesta

Lisämunuaisesta, also known as the adrenal gland, is an endocrine gland in humans and other mammals. There are two adrenal glands, located on top of each kidney. Each adrenal gland consists of two distinct parts: the outer cortex and the inner medulla. These two regions produce different hormones that are vital for various bodily functions.

The adrenal cortex is responsible for producing steroid hormones, including corticosteroids. Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, regulate metabolism, the immune response, and the body's reaction to stress. Mineralocorticoids, like aldosterone, control blood pressure and the balance of electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium, in the body. Sex hormones, including androgens, are also produced in small amounts by the adrenal cortex, contributing to secondary sexual characteristics.

The adrenal medulla, located within the cortex, produces catecholamines, primarily adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). These hormones are critical for the "fight or flight" response, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels in preparation for perceived danger or stress. They play a crucial role in the body's immediate response to acute stress.

Disorders of the adrenal glands can lead to various health problems. Conditions like Cushing's syndrome (excess cortisol), Addison's disease (insufficient cortisol and aldosterone), and pheochromocytoma (a tumor of the medulla producing excess catecholamines) highlight the importance of proper adrenal gland function for overall health and well-being.