Leukaemias

Leukaemias, also spelled leukemias, are a group of cancers that affect the blood and bone marrow. They are characterized by the abnormal growth and accumulation of white blood cells, which can interfere with the production of normal blood cells. This disrupts the body's ability to fight infections, regulate blood clotting, and supply oxygen to tissues.

There are four main types of leukaemia: acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Each type affects a different type of white blood cell and has distinct symptoms and treatment options.

Leukaemias can be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some inherited genetic disorders, such as Down's syndrome, increase the risk of developing certain types of leukaemia. Exposure to radiation and certain chemicals, as well as viruses, have also been linked to leukaemia development. In addition, mutations in genes that regulate cell growth and division can lead to the development of leukaemia.

Symptoms of leukaemia may include fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, and an increased risk of infections. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, and biopsies. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of leukaemia, and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be necessary. Prognosis and survival rates vary depending on the type and stage of leukaemia, as well as treatment response. With advances in medical research, more effective treatments have been developed, improving outcomes for patients with leukaemia.