Legitimnost

Legitimnost, or legitimacy, is a concept in political science, sociology and law that refers to the justified right to exercise authority and the acceptance of that authority by those governed. It concerns normative justification as well as public trust, and it is distinct from legality, which focuses on formal compliance with laws and rules.

The term has roots in Latin and is used across many languages, including Slavic ones, to denote something lawful, proper or rightful. In political discourse, legitimacy describes why a ruler, government or institution is considered rightful to rule, beyond whether its actions are legally prescribed.

Theoretical frameworks often distinguish different sources of legitimacy. Max Weber identified three ideal types: traditional legitimacy (based on long-standing customs and historic authority), charismatic legitimacy (anchored in the personal charm or leadership of a figure), and legal-rational legitimacy (grounded in a system of rules and bureaucratic institutions). In contemporary discussions, scholars also differentiate input legitimacy (the legitimacy of the process, participation, and accountability) from output legitimacy (the perceived results and performance). There is also a distinction between moral legitimacy and operational legitimacy.

Legitimacy is maintained and contested through several mechanisms. Consent of the governed, effective governance, respect for rights, rule of law, transparency, accountability, and inclusive representation all contribute to legitimacy. Conversely, corruption, repression, poor performance, or systemic unfairness can erode legitimacy and provoke protests, crises, or reforms.

In practice, legitimacy shapes political stability, compliance with laws, and the standing of a state in international relations. Democracies typically derive legitimacy from elections and constitutional order, while other regimes may rely on stability, economic success, or nationalist narratives, and legitimacy can be reinforced or challenged by international recognition.