Laboratoriotitria

Laboratoriotitria, or laboratory titration, is an analytical technique used in chemical laboratories to determine the concentration of a solute in a solution by reacting it with a titrant of known concentration. The method relies on a stoichiometric reaction and an observable endpoint to indicate when the reaction is complete.

The principle involves placing a sample solution in a flask, adding a suitable indicator or using a pH or redox electrode to monitor the reaction, and delivering the titrant from a calibrated burette until the endpoint is reached. The volume of titrant used, together with its concentration and the reaction stoichiometry, enables calculation of the analyte concentration.

Procedure typically includes preparing the sample and reagents, selecting an appropriate titrant and indicator or sensor, filling and zeroing the burette, performing the titration with continuous mixing, detecting the endpoint, and recording the initial and final burette readings. Concentration is calculated from the relation of the titrant’s amount to the analyte’s amount, taking into account the stoichiometric coefficients.

Types of laboratory titration include acid–base titration, redox titration, complexometric titration, and precipitation or back titration. Instrumental variants use pH meters or potentiometric sensors, and automated titrators can perform repeated titrations with high precision.

Applications span pharmaceutical formulations, environmental water analysis, food and beverage testing, and various industrial processes. Key considerations for accuracy include proper standardization of the titrant, appropriate endpoint selection, careful sample preparation, and correct calibration of equipment, along with safe handling and disposal of reagents.