LVverkko

LVverkko is the Finnish term for the low-voltage portion of the electrical distribution system, responsible for delivering electricity from distribution transformers to end consumers. In Finland and much of Europe, low voltage is defined as up to 1 kV AC, with household networks typically operating at 230 V single-phase and 400 V three-phase.

The LV network comprises distribution transformers that step down voltage from the medium-voltage network, feeders such as cables and overhead lines, service connections to buildings, outdoor switchgear, and metering equipment. The network is typically operated by a distribution system operator (DSO) under national regulation, with responsibilities including planning, fault restoration, and maintaining voltage within statutory limits. Customer connections are governed by tariffs, technical standards, and safety rules.

Technically, LV networks emphasize reliability and safe operation. Key components include fuses, circuit breakers, transformers, cables, overhead lines, and protective relays. Protection schemes isolate faults quickly to minimize outages. Because many households and small businesses may install distributed energy resources such as rooftop solar or storage, LV networks increasingly face bidirectional power flows and require enhanced monitoring and control.

Modern LV networks are being upgraded through digitalization and smart grid technologies: advanced metering infrastructure, remote monitoring, automatic sectionalizing, and upgrades to accommodate renewables, microgrids, and energy efficiency programs. Safety and standards cover wiring codes, earthing, insulation, and safe access by authorized personnel.

See also: medium voltage, distribution network, smart grid, renewable energy integration.