LRWANs
LRWANs, or LoRaWANs, refer to networks based on the LoRaWAN protocol, a Low‑Power Wide‑Area Network (LPWAN) specification designed for wireless communication over long distances with minimal power consumption. The protocol is part of the LoRa Alliance ecosystem and enables end‑device connectivity to network servers through gateways that act as bridges to IP networks. LoRaWAN supports both Class A (bi‑directional) and Class B (scheduled receive) device types, providing flexibility for applications requiring varied communication patterns. The architecture is typically comprised of end devices, gateways, network servers, application servers, and management platforms, which together handle message routing, de‑duplication, data transformation, and security.
The main advantage of LRWANs is their extended coverage, often reaching several kilometers in rural or suburban
However, LRWANs have some limitations. The data rate is relatively low, typically ranging from 0.3 to 27