L2caches

L2 caches, or level-2 caches, are a tier of processor memory designed to bridge the speed gap between the fast, small L1 caches and the slower main memory. They store copies of data and instructions that the processor is likely to reuse, reducing average memory access time and helping maintain higher instruction throughput. L2 caches are generally larger than L1 caches but smaller than L3 caches, and they are faster than main memory while not as fast as L1.

L2 cache organization varies by architecture. They can be on-chip or, in some designs, off-chip, and may be private to a single core or shared among multiple cores. L2 caches can be unified, holding both data and instructions, or split into separate data and instruction caches. The inclusion property (whether data in L1 also exists in L2) and the exact size are design choices that affect coherence, bandwidth, and power consumption.

When the processor accesses memory, an L1 miss typically triggers an L2 access. If the requested data is in L2, it is returned to the core and often moved to L1. If L2 misses, the request may go to L3 or to main memory. L2 caches use standard cache practices such as write-back or write-through policies, and write-allocate or no-write-allocate policies. Replacement policies (e.g., LRU or pseudo-LRU) determine which cache lines are evicted. In multi-core systems, coherence protocols (such as MESI-family protocols) ensure consistency of cached data across cores.

Overall, L2 caches balance latency, bandwidth, and capacity within the memory hierarchy. They are a key factor in practical memory performance and can influence software efficiency and system throughput, with designs varying across processor families and generations.

---