KöppenGeiger

The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is a widely used system for categorizing the world's climates. Developed by Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen in the late 19th century, it was later refined by Rudolf Geiger in the mid-20th century, hence the combined name. The system is based on mean monthly and annual values of temperature and precipitation.

It divides climates into five main groups, denoted by capital letters: A (tropical), B (dry), C (temperate), D (continental), and E (polar). Each of these main groups is further subdivided using secondary letters, which indicate precipitation patterns (e.g., f for fully humid, s for dry summer, w for dry winter) and temperature variations (e.g., h for hot, k for cold in dry climates). A third letter often specifies the degree of seasonal temperature variation.

The Köppen-Geiger system is valuable for understanding the geographical distribution of different climate types and their associated vegetation and agricultural potential. Its relative simplicity and clear definitions have made it a standard tool in climatology, geography, and related environmental sciences. While it has been subject to modifications and alternative classification systems, the Köppen-Geiger classification remains a foundational and influential framework for describing global climate patterns.