Kringkasting

Kringkasting refers to the dissemination of audio and visual content to a broad audience by means of radio waves and other distribution networks designed for reception by the general public. Traditionally, it includes radio and television broadcasts released over the air, via cable, or via satellite, and it is distinct from targeted or narrowcast services.

The term is used in Danish and other Nordic languages and originates from the early days of mass media in the 20th century, when organizers began to transmit programs widely beyond point-to-point communication. The practice expanded with the invention of radio and later television, followed by digital forms.

Technologies include terrestrial broadcasting for radio (AM/FM) and television (analog and digital), as well as cable and satellite delivery. In modern systems, digital broadcasting standards such as DVB and ATSC coexist with internet streaming. Some services are hybrid, combining broadcast and online delivery.

Regulation typically involves spectrum allocation and licensing by national authorities, and many countries maintain public service broadcasters funded by license fees or public budgets. Public service kringkasting aims to provide universal access to news, culture, and educational content, while private broadcasters compete for audiences.

Today kringkasting faces competition from on-demand internet services, but remains important for live events and for reaching users with limited internet access. Ongoing trends include digital migration, improved compression, and hybrids that integrate broadcast and broadband distribution.