Kovariansi

Kovariansi is a statistical term that describes the degree to which two random variables change together. When two variables are said to have a positive covariance, it means that as one variable increases, the other tends to increase as well. Conversely, a negative covariance indicates that as one variable increases, the other tends to decrease. If the covariance is zero, it suggests that there is no linear relationship between the two variables.

The covariance is calculated by taking the average of the product of the deviations of each variable from its mean. A positive covariance implies that the variables tend to deviate from their means in the same direction, while a negative covariance means they tend to deviate in opposite directions. The magnitude of the covariance is sensitive to the scale of the variables involved, making it difficult to compare covariances across different pairs of variables with different units or ranges. For this reason, it is often standardized into a correlation coefficient, which ranges from -1 to +1 and provides a unitless measure of linear association. Covariance is a fundamental concept in statistics and is used in various applications, including portfolio theory, regression analysis, and factor analysis.