Komutaator

Komutaator, also known as a commutator, is a component in electric motors and generators that reverses the direction of the electric current in the rotor windings. This is essential for maintaining continuous rotation in DC motors and for generating a consistent direct current in DC generators.

The commutator consists of a cylinder made of copper segments, insulated from each other. These segments are connected to the armature coils of the motor or generator. Stationary brushes, typically made of carbon, press against the rotating commutator. As the rotor turns, the brushes slide from one segment to another, switching the electrical connections to the coils.

In a DC motor, the commutator ensures that the magnetic field generated by the rotor coils always interacts with the stator's magnetic field in a way that produces torque in a consistent direction, causing continuous rotation. In a DC generator, the commutator rectifies the alternating current produced in the rotating coils, converting it into a direct current that can be supplied to an external circuit.

The design and material of the commutator are critical for its efficient and long-lasting operation. Wear and tear on the commutator segments and brushes can lead to reduced performance, sparking, and eventual failure of the motor or generator. Regular maintenance, such as cleaning and brush replacement, is often required. The concept of the commutator is fundamental to the operation of many types of direct current electrical machines.