Koalicion

Koalicion is a term used in several languages to denote a political coalition—an alliance of two or more parties or groups formed to achieve common political goals. Such coalitions are typically created to command a majority in a legislature or to pursue a shared policy program, often formalized through a coalition agreement.

Coalitions arise most often in multi-party systems where no single party holds an outright majority. They can take different forms: government coalitions, where partners share executive power and ministerial posts; electoral coalitions, where parties run on a joint list or platform; or issue-based coalitions, which align temporarily around a specific policy issue. Long-term governing alliances are sometimes referred to as grand coalitions when they bring together major parties.

Formation involves negotiations over policy priorities, the distribution of seats and portfolios, and the terms of cooperation. A coalition agreement typically outlines policy goals, governance rules, and contingency plans. Stability depends on the compatibility of partners' objectives, trust, and adherence to the agreed program. External shocks, shifts in public support, or defections can lead to reconfiguration or collapse.

In practice, coalitions influence policymaking by aggregating diverse interests, enabling legislative action in fragmented legislatures, and moderating extremes. Critics worry that coalitions may water down party platforms or compromise core principles, while supporters argue they enable pragmatic governance, broader representation, and more durable political arrangements.