Kilpnääres

Kilpnääres is the Estonian word for the thyroid gland. The thyroid is an endocrine gland in the neck, below the larynx. It is part of the body's hormone system. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism. These hormones include thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The thyroid also produces calcitonin, which plays a role in calcium regulation.

The thyroid gland is shaped like a butterfly, with two lobes connected by a strip of tissue called the isthmus. It is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Inside the gland are follicles, small sacs filled with colloid, a protein-rich fluid where thyroid hormones are stored. The production of thyroid hormones is regulated by the pituitary gland, located in the brain, which releases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH signals the thyroid to produce and release more or less of its hormones as needed by the body.

Disorders of the thyroid gland are common. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid does not produce enough hormones, leading to a slow metabolism. Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid produces too much hormone, increasing metabolism. Other conditions include goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid, and thyroid nodules, lumps that can form in the gland. These conditions are diagnosed through blood tests measuring hormone levels and TSH, as well as imaging techniques like ultrasound. Treatment depends on the specific condition and may involve medication, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery.