Kiirgumine

Kiirgumine is the Estonian term for irradiation, the exposure of matter or living tissue to ionizing radiation in order to achieve physical, chemical, or biological effects. It can be performed deliberately for beneficial purposes or occur unintentionally as a result of ambient radiation sources.

Common forms of kiirgumine include gamma irradiation, X-ray irradiation, and electron-beam irradiation. These methods use different radiation types and penetrative properties to deposit energy in the target material or tissue.

Applications include medical uses such as radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging, sterilization of medical supplies and pharmaceutical products, food irradiation to reduce microbial load and extend shelf life, and industrial non-destructive testing or material treatment. In research, irradiation is used to study radiation effects, induce mutations in plant breeding, and in various physical experiments.

Protection and regulation focus on controlling dose and exposure. Dosimetry, using units such as the gray (Gy) for absorbed dose and the sievert (Sv) for effective dose, measures exposure. Safety measures include shielding, distance, and minimizing time near radiation sources, along with compliance with national and international standards and authorities such as radiation safety commissions and the ICRP guidelines.

Estonian law and EU regulations govern the use of ionizing radiation, licensing of sources, and monitoring of work practices to minimize health risks and environmental impact.