Kernreaktivität

Kernreaktivität refers to the ability of atomic nuclei to undergo nuclear reactions. This encompasses a range of processes where the nucleus of an atom is transformed. The most common and well-known type of nuclear reaction is radioactive decay, where unstable nuclei spontaneously emit particles or energy to become more stable. This can include alpha decay, beta decay, and gamma emission.

Another significant aspect of Kernreaktivität is nuclear fission, a process where a heavy nucleus, such as uranium, splits into two or more lighter nuclei when struck by a neutron. This splitting releases a tremendous amount of energy, along with additional neutrons that can propagate a chain reaction. Nuclear fusion, conversely, involves the merging of two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus. This process is the source of energy in stars, including our Sun, and requires extremely high temperatures and pressures.

The propensity for a nucleus to undergo these reactions is influenced by its nuclear structure, specifically the number of protons and neutrons, and the binding energy holding the nucleus together. Nuclei with an unfavorable neutron-to-proton ratio or those that are particularly large are often more reactive. Understanding Kernreaktivität is fundamental to fields like nuclear physics, nuclear engineering, and nuclear medicine, enabling the development of nuclear power, medical imaging techniques, and various scientific research tools.