Kerbau

Kerbau is the Indonesian and Malay term for the domesticated water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis. It is a large bovine kept primarily for milk, meat, and draught power, especially in rice farming where it plows fields and transports goods. In many countries its milk is valued for higher fat content.

There are two main types: river buffalo and swamp buffalo, corresponding to riverine and swamp ecologies. River buffalo are common in India, Pakistan, and parts of Southeast Asia; swamp buffalo in the Philippines and lowland Southeast Asia. Domestic populations have spread globally in dairy and agricultural systems.

Kerbau are well adapted to hot, humid climates and require access to water for cooling and wallowing. They are hardy ruminants, feed on grasses, crop residues, and fodder, and need routine veterinary care and vaccination against common diseases where applicable. Buffalo milk is rich in fat and protein, used to produce dairy products such as cheese, yogurt, and paneer in some regions.

Reproduction typically involves seasonal or year-round breeding depending on climate and management; lactation lasts about 200–300 days.

Domestication is ancient, with origins in South Asia around 6,000–7,000 years ago, later introduced to Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and beyond. Kerbau continue to be a core asset for smallholders due to their versatility and resilience.