Karbüülrühm

Karbüülrühm, also known as the carbonyl group, is a functional group in organic chemistry represented by a double bond between a carbon atom and an oxygen atom (C=O). This group is a fundamental building block in many organic molecules and is responsible for the characteristic reactivity of several important classes of compounds. The polarity of the C=O bond, arising from the electronegativity difference between carbon and oxygen, makes the carbon atom electrophilic and the oxygen atom nucleophilic. This polarization is key to many of the reactions involving carbonyl compounds, such as nucleophilic addition.

Aldehydes and ketones are two prominent classes of organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group. In aldehydes, the carbonyl carbon is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom, while in ketones, it is bonded to two other carbon atoms. Carboxylic acids, esters, amides, and acid halides also feature the carbonyl group, albeit with additional substituents attached to the carbonyl carbon, which modify its reactivity. The presence of the carbonyl group significantly influences the physical properties of molecules, including their melting and boiling points, and their solubility in various solvents. Its ubiquity in natural products and synthetic materials makes the karbüülrühm a central concept in understanding organic chemistry.