Karbonüülühendi

Karbonüülühendi, often referred to as carbonyl compounds in English, are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl functional group. This group consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O). The carbonyl group is highly polar due to the electronegativity difference between carbon and oxygen, leading to a partial positive charge on the carbon and a partial negative charge on the oxygen. This polarity is responsible for many of the characteristic reactions of carbonyl compounds.

The simplest carbonyl compounds are aldehydes, where the carbonyl carbon is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. Ketones are carbonyl compounds where the carbonyl carbon is bonded to two other carbon atoms. Other important classes of carbonyl compounds include carboxylic acids, esters, amides, and acid halides, all of which feature the carbonyl group alongside other functional groups.

Carbonyl compounds are ubiquitous in organic chemistry and play crucial roles in biological systems. They are key intermediates in many metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Industrially, carbonyl compounds are used in the production of a vast array of products, including plastics, solvents, fragrances, and pharmaceuticals. Their reactivity makes them versatile building blocks for synthesizing more complex molecules. Common reactions involving the carbonyl group include nucleophilic addition, alpha-substitution, and redox reactions. The presence and position of the carbonyl group significantly influence the physical and chemical properties of an organic molecule.