Karbonülatsioon

Karbonülatsioon is a chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide is incorporated into an organic molecule. This process typically involves a transition metal catalyst, such as palladium or rhodium, which plays a crucial role in activating the carbon monoxide and facilitating its addition to a substrate. The general mechanism often involves the coordination of carbon monoxide to the metal center, followed by insertion into a metal-carbon bond or nucleophilic attack on the coordinated CO.

Various types of carbonylated products can be formed depending on the substrate and reaction conditions. Common examples include the synthesis of carboxylic acids, esters, amides, and aldehydes. For instance, hydroformylation, a significant industrial process, involves the reaction of an alkene with carbon monoxide and hydrogen to produce an aldehyde. Other important reactions include the carbonylation of alcohols to form esters and the carbonylation of amines to form amides.

Karbonülatsioon reactions are highly versatile and find widespread applications in the chemical industry. They are employed in the synthesis of a diverse range of fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, polymers, and agrochemicals. The ability to selectively introduce a carbonyl group into organic molecules makes karbonülatsioon a powerful tool for molecular construction and functionalization. Control over regioselectivity and stereoselectivity is often a key challenge and area of research in developing efficient karbonülatsioon processes.