Karbonateista

Karbonateista is a broad term used mainly in geology and chemistry to refer to carbonates—the chemical family that includes the carbonate ion CO3^2− and the minerals and rocks built from it. In chemistry, carbonate denotes salts of carbonic acid, formed when CO3^2− bonds with cations such as calcium, magnesium, iron, or zinc. Carbonate species participate in dissolution and precipitation reactions, especially in acidic environments; acids release CO2 from carbonates.

In mineralogy, carbonate minerals include calcite (CaCO3), aragonite (CaCO3), dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), siderite (FeCO3), rhodochrosite (MnCO3) and smithsonite (ZnCO3). These minerals commonly form sedimentary limestone and marble through diagenesis and metamorphism, and they occur globally in marine and freshwater settings.

In geology and sedimentology, carbonate rocks are built from carbonate minerals. The most common carbonate rocks are limestone (predominantly calcite), dolostone (predominantly dolomite), and limestone varieties such as chalk and travertine. They originate from biogenic activity, chemical precipitation, or both.

In the ocean and atmospheric system, carbonates part of the carbonate–silicate cycle. The carbonate system includes dissolved CO2, carbonic acid, bicarbonate, and carbonate ions that buffer pH and affect seawater chemistry. Increasing atmospheric CO2 shifts equilibria, reducing carbonate saturation and threatening reef-building organisms.

Industrial uses include cement production from limestone, lime manufacture, and as fillers. Environmental roles involve carbon capture, storage, and buffering of acidity in natural waters. Overall, karbonateista covers a broad and important set of chemical and geological concepts tied to carbonates.