Kapszulázást

Kapszulázást, often translated as encapsulation, is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming. It refers to the bundling of data (attributes or properties) and the methods (functions or behaviors) that operate on that data into a single unit, typically a class. This unit is then referred to as an object. The primary goal of encapsulation is to restrict direct access to some of the object's components, which is known as information hiding.

Encapsulation protects the internal state of an object from unintended external modification. Instead of allowing direct manipulation of an object's data, access is usually provided through well-defined public methods. These methods act as an interface, controlling how the data can be accessed and modified, and ensuring that operations are performed in a valid and consistent manner. This can involve validation of input data before it is stored or performing complex calculations when data is retrieved.

The benefits of encapsulation are numerous. It improves modularity by making objects self-contained units. This allows developers to change the internal implementation of a class without affecting other parts of the program that use the class, as long as the public interface remains the same. It also enhances maintainability and reusability, as encapsulated code is easier to understand, debug, and adapt for different purposes. Furthermore, encapsulation can contribute to security by preventing accidental corruption of data.