Kaheosavalised

Kaheosavalised is an Estonian term used in some political science discussions to describe a theoretical form of federation in which two constituent states hold equal sovereignty within a single state. The word combines kahe (two) and osavalised (federal states) and is intended to denote a symmetrical two-state federation, where both regions retain substantial autonomous powers and enjoy equal constitutional status.

In such a system, the two states share a central government for common affairs such as defense, external relations, and certain economic policies, while each state retains autonomous powers. A key feature is parity: neither state has formal superiority in constitutional decision-making. Central institutions are designed to ensure equal influence, which may include a bicameral legislature with equal representation for each state or joint councils that require consensus from both sides for core policies.

Variants of the model may include formal veto rights, cross-state councils, or governance arrangements that require mutual agreement on essential matters. The concept is largely discussed as a theoretical model and is not widely codified in comparative practice. Potential advantages include balanced regional influence, protection of distinct regional identities, and a peaceful mechanism for managing interregional disputes. Potential drawbacks involve institutional deadlock, stalemate risks when regional aims diverge, and complexities in harmonizing fiscal and social policies.

As a term, kaheosavalised is more common in Estonian-language discussions and is not a widely adopted label in English-language political science. It is often treated within broader discussions of federalism, symmetrical federations, or bi-state arrangements. See also: federalism, symmetrical federation, bi-state arrangements, confederalism.