K63ketens
K63ketens, in full K63-linked ubiquitin chains, are polyubiquitin chains where ubiquitin molecules are linked through the lysine-63 residue. Unlike the more degradative K48-linked chains, K63ketens primarily act as signaling scaffolds that regulate cellular processes rather than marking proteins for proteasomal destruction. They are detected in a variety of eukaryotic cells and organisms and play roles in multiple pathways, including immune signaling, DNA damage response, endocytosis, and selective autophagy.
Formation and regulation occur through the ubiquitination cascade. The E1 activating enzyme, E2 conjugating enzymes, and
Biological consequences of K63ketens are diverse. They act as molecular platforms that recruit signaling proteins to
Dysregulation of K63ketens has been linked to diseases including cancer and inflammatory disorders, highlighting their importance