Jõuga

Jõuga is the instrumental case form of the Estonian noun jõud, meaning force, strength, or power. It denotes the instrument or manner by which an action is performed and is commonly translated as "with force" or "by force" in English.

Grammar and form: The word is formed from the genitive stem jõu with the instrumental suffix -ga, yielding jõuga. It functions as an instrumental adjunct, typically accompanying a verb to indicate the means or manner of an action. For example, in a sentence like "Ta avas ukse jõuga," the door is opened by force.

Usage: Jõuga is used in both literal and figurative contexts to describe how something is done or what is used to perform an action. It can refer to physical force as well as a strong, forceful manner of action. The construction is a standard part of Estonian grammar and does not carry a legal or coercive implication beyond the instrumental sense.

Notes: The form remains jõuga regardless of sentence tense or number, and it is distinct from other instrumental forms in Estonian that may use different noun stems or suffixes. It is most commonly encountered in descriptive or narrative prose to specify the means by which an action occurs.

See also: Estonian language, Instrumental case, Noun jõud.