Isaan

Isaan, also written Isan or Isan, is the northeastern region of Thailand. It forms the area of the Khorat Plateau and runs along the Mekong River, which marks the border with Laos. It is the largest region of Thailand by area and by population.

Geographically, Isaan comprises high, gently rolling plateaus with a tropical savanna climate that features a pronounced wet season and a dry season. The region is predominantly agricultural, with rice farming as a central activity. Soils and irrigation conditions vary, supporting both traditional rain-fed farming and more intensive cultivation in suitable areas.

Demographically, the region is home to a predominantly rural population known as Khon Isan. They are speakers of the Isan language, a Lao-based dialect closely related to Lao, though Thai is widely understood and used in education and media. Buddhism is the major religion. Isaan culture is known for traditional music such as mor lam and for distinctive culinary traditions, including sticky rice, som tam (papaya salad), larb, and grilled meats.

Economically, Isaan relies largely on agriculture, producing rice (including glutinous varieties), cassava, sugarcane, and fruits. Urban centers such as Khon Kaen, Udon Thani, and Nakhon Ratchasima contribute to commerce, education, and manufacturing, while many residents migrate seasonally or permanently to Bangkok and other regions for work.

Historically, the region was part of Lao-speaking kingdoms before being incorporated into Siam (Thailand) in the 19th century. This history shaped cross-border cultural ties with Laos and continuing exchanges in trade, language, and culture.

Isaan is not an official administrative region, but a widely used geographic designation within Thailand’s Northeastern region, which comprises 20 provinces.