Intranasaalne

Intranasaalne refers to methods or products that are administered through the nasal cavity. This route can deliver medications locally to the nasal mucosa or systemically by allowing absorption into the bloodstream via the rich nasal vasculature. It is also used for vaccines designed to provoke mucosal and systemic immune responses.

The nasal route offers several advantages. It is noninvasive and convenient, enabling rapid onset for certain drugs and avoiding gastrointestinal degradation and first-pass liver metabolism. It is particularly suitable for patients who have difficulty swallowing or require quick relief. Limitations include variable absorption due to nasal mucosa conditions, mucus clearance, and potential irritation of the nasal passages. Large doses are often impractical for intranasal delivery, and formulations must be specifically designed to stay in contact with the mucosa without causing significant irritation.

Applications include local treatment for nasal allergies and congestion, sinusitis, and other upper respiratory conditions. Systemic intranasal delivery is used for some analgesics and anti-mist migraine therapies, as well as emergency antidotes such as intranasal naloxone. Intranasal vaccines are an important area of mucosal vaccination, aiming to induce immune protection at the entry point of many pathogens.

Administration typically involves a nasal spray or dropper. Proper technique matters: point the device away from the septum, prime as needed, administer into one nostril while the head is in a neutral or slightly tilted position, and avoid sharing devices to prevent infections. Safety considerations include potential nasal irritation, epistaxis, or nasal ulcers; use is contraindicated in certain nasal injuries or severe infections.