Intelligentsus

Intelligentsus, or intelligence in English, refers to the capacity to learn, reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, and adapt effectively to the environment. It encompasses a range of cognitive abilities used in goal-directed behavior and everyday functioning. In research, intelligentsus is typically assessed through standardized tests that measure verbal ability, working memory, processing speed, and problem-solving skills.

The most influential models include Spearman's general intelligence (g), which posits a common underlying factor for diverse cognitive tasks; Cattell's theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence; and Thurstone's primary mental abilities. More recent approaches propose multiple intelligences (Gardner) or a triarchic framework (Sternberg) distinguishing analytical, practical, and creative dimensions. Each model offers different implications for education and assessment.

Assessment tools include intelligence scales such as the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler series (WAIS for adults, WISC for children), as well as nonverbal measures like Raven's Progressive Matrices. These instruments are used in clinical evaluation, educational planning, and research, though they are subject to debate about cultural fairness and ecological validity.

Developmentally, intelligentsus is influenced by genetic factors and environmental conditions, including education and socio-economic status. The Flynn effect describes observed increases in average test scores over the 20th century, while debates continue about the relative weights of nature and nurture and the applicability of IQ scores across populations.