Insuliiniga

Insuliiniga refers to insulin, a peptide hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets. In humans, insulin regulates glucose metabolism and also influences fat and protein metabolism. It is synthesized as a larger precursor, processed to active insulin and a connecting peptide known as C-peptide.

Insulin exerts its effects by binding to the insulin receptor on cell membranes, triggering signaling pathways that promote the uptake of glucose into muscle and adipose tissue via GLUT4 transporters. It also suppresses glucose production in the liver and promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen, as well as the synthesis of fats and proteins.

In medical use, insulin preparations differ in onset and duration of action and are used to treat diabetes mellitus. These include rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting analogs. Insulin is typically administered by subcutaneous injection, though devices such as insulin pumps or inhaled formulations are also used in certain contexts.

The discovery of insulin in 1921 by Frederick Banting and Charles Best revolutionized diabetes treatment. Modern insulins are produced using recombinant DNA technology, providing human insulin and various analogs that modify pharmacokinetic properties to better fit patient needs.

Common safety considerations include the risk of hypoglycemia and, with long-term use, potential injection-site reactions or lipodystrophy. Proper storage is important: unopened products are typically kept refrigerated, while opened preparations may be used for a limited period at room temperature. Patients monitor blood glucose and follow dosing guidance from healthcare providers.