Inflammationinfection

Inflammationinfection is a term describing the interplay between inflammation and infection. Inflammation is the body's response to harmful stimuli, including pathogens; infection is invasion by microorganisms that disrupt function and can trigger inflammation. When infection is present, the inflammatory response is typically activated to contain the pathogen and begin repair.

Mechanisms include recognition of pathogens by pattern recognition receptors, release of cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, and recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages. The complement system and mediators like prostaglandins contribute to vascular changes and the local signs of inflammation. Tissue damage may result from both infection and the inflammatory response.

Infectious inflammation can be acute or chronic and may lead to complications such as sepsis, organ dysfunction, or chronic inflammatory damage if not controlled. It differs from sterile inflammation, but the two can overlap.

Clinical features vary by site. Systemic signs include fever, tachycardia, malaise, and elevated CRP or ESR; procalcitonin can help distinguish bacterial infection. Diagnosis combines clinical assessment, laboratory testing, imaging, and microbiology cultures.

Treatment targets both infection and inflammation. Antimicrobials are used for pathogens; anti-inflammatory therapy may be employed in selected cases, with caution to avoid impairing pathogen clearance. Source control, such as drainage or surgery, is important when needed. Prevention includes vaccination and infection-control practices.

Prognosis depends on the organism, site, host factors, and timeliness of treatment. Early, appropriate management improves outcomes.