Inferential

Inferential is an adjective related to inference, the process of drawing conclusions from evidence or reasoning. It is used across disciplines to denote reasoning that goes beyond the immediate data or statements.

In statistics, inferential statistics uses sample data to make generalizations about a population. It relies on probability theory and sampling theory, and its conclusions are probabilistic rather than certain. Common tools include estimation (point and interval estimates), hypothesis testing, and confidence intervals. Bayesian methods are also described as inferential, as they update beliefs in light of data.

In logic and philosophy, inferential reasoning derives conclusions from premises. It is contrasted with deductive reasoning (where conclusions follow necessarily) and with non-deductive methods such as inductive or abductive reasoning, which may yield probable conclusions.

In linguistics and related fields, inferential expressions or evidentiality mark when a speaker infers information from evidence rather than having direct knowledge.

Etymology: the term derives from Latin inferre, meaning to bring in, with the suffix -ential forming the adjective.