IndoGangetic

Indo-Gangetic Plain is a vast, fertile lowland region of South Asia, extending across parts of Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. It runs along the alluvial plains formed by the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra river systems, from the western margins of the Indus basin in Pakistan through the northern Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal, and into the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta in Bangladesh.

The plain is composed largely of thick sequences of alluvium deposited by these rivers during the late Quaternary and Holocene, with ongoing sediment supply from the Himalayas.

The geography encompasses the plains and interfluves known as the Doab, the Terai belt at the southern edge of the Himalayas, and adjacent floodplains. The soils are predominantly alluvial, rich in nutrients and suitable for intensive agriculture.

The climate is monsoonal, with hot summers, a pronounced monsoon season, and cooler winters; rainfall is highly variable across the region, with the western parts drier than the eastern floodplains.

Agriculture dominates the economy of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with wheat and rice forming the principal staples in rotation, supported by irrigation from canal and groundwater systems. The region has a high population density and major urban centers, contributing to its significance as a political and economic hub.