ImmunrezeptorGenen

Immunrezeptorgenen are genes that encode proteins involved in the immune system's ability to recognize and respond to foreign substances, known as antigens. These genes are crucial for distinguishing between self and non-self, a fundamental process for preventing autoimmune diseases and effectively combating pathogens. The proteins produced by these genes, immunreceptors, are typically found on the surface of immune cells, such as lymphocytes and myeloid cells.

There are two major classes of immunreceptors: the B cell receptor (BCR) and the T cell receptor (TCR). BCRs are expressed on B cells and are responsible for recognizing intact antigens. Upon binding to an antigen, the BCR initiates a signaling cascade that leads to B cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation into antibody-producing plasma cells or memory B cells. TCRs, found on T cells, recognize processed antigen fragments presented by other cells in conjunction with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. This interaction is central to cell-mediated immunity, involving cytotoxic T cells that kill infected cells and helper T cells that orchestrate immune responses.

Beyond BCR and TCR, other immunrezeptorgenen encode receptors like natural killer (NK) cell receptors and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). NK cell receptors mediate the recognition and killing of abnormal cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells, without prior sensitization. PRRs, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), are involved in innate immunity, recognizing conserved molecular patterns found on a wide range of microbes. The diversity and intricate regulation of immunrezeptorgenen are essential for a robust and adaptable immune system.