Immunofenotipificación

Immunofenotipificación is a laboratory technique used to identify and quantify different cell populations within a sample based on the presence or absence of specific cell surface markers. These markers, typically proteins, are detected using antibodies that are conjugated to fluorescent dyes. When these fluorescently labeled antibodies bind to their target antigens on the cell surface, the cells can be analyzed using flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry.

Flow cytometry is a widely used method for immunofenotipificación. In this technique, cells are suspended in a fluid and passed single file through a laser beam. The fluorescently labeled antibodies emit light at specific wavelengths when excited by the laser. Detectors measure the intensity and color of this emitted light, allowing for the characterization of individual cells. This enables the identification of cell types and their relative proportions within a mixed population.

Immunohistochemistry, on the other hand, is used to visualize cell markers within tissue sections. Antibodies are applied to the tissue, and the bound antibodies are detected by a secondary antibody that is linked to an enzyme or a fluorescent tag. This allows for the spatial localization of different cell types within the tissue architecture.

Immunofenotipificación has broad applications in medicine and research. It is crucial in diagnosing and monitoring various hematological malignancies, such as leukemia and lymphoma, by identifying abnormal cell populations. It is also used in immunology to study immune cell subsets, track immune responses, and assess immune deficiencies. In transplantation, it helps monitor graft rejection and donor-recipient compatibility. Furthermore, it plays a role in research for understanding cell development, function, and disease pathogenesis.