Ilha

Ilha is the Portuguese word for island, a landmass that is surrounded by water and smaller than a continent. The term derives from Latin insula and is widely used in Portuguese-speaking countries to describe both natural features and place names.

In geography, an island can form in various ways. Continental or shelf islands arise on the continental shelf and may be portions of land separated by rising sea levels or tectonic forces. Oceanic islands typically emerge from volcanic activity or coral accretion and often occur away from continental margins. Islands host diverse ecosystems and exhibit a range of climates, soils, and habitats, from tropical beaches to temperate shores.

Humans have inhabited many islands for centuries, developing distinct cultures and economies based on fishing, agriculture, trade, and, more recently, tourism and services. Administrative status varies: islands may be incorporated into municipalities, states, or autonomous archipelagos, and some are protected as national parks or UNESCO World Heritage sites.

The toponymy of Ilha is common in Portuguese-speaking regions, and several well-known examples illustrate its use. Ilha Grande is a large island off the coast of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Ilha do Governador is a district of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ilha de Moçambique is a historic island and UNESCO site off the coast of Mozambique.

Environmental challenges facing islands include habitat loss, invasive species, climate change, and sea-level rise. Conservation and sustainable development efforts aim to balance human needs with the preservation of unique island biodiversity and cultural heritage.