Ifodalari

Ifodalari, the Turkish term for figures of speech, denotes rhetorical devices that shift away from literal meaning to achieve emphasis, imagery, or nuance in language. They are a central subject in Turkish linguistics and literary criticism and appear in both classical and contemporary texts.

Common types of ifodalar include benzetme (simile), which creates a direct or implied comparison often using words like gibi or benzeri; metafor (metaphor), which names one thing as another to establish identity or transfer meaning; and kişileştirme (personification), which attributes human qualities to inanimate objects or abstractions. Metonimi (metonymy) substitutes a related term or attribute for the thing named, while ironi (irony) expresses an opposite meaning for humorous or critical effect. Abartı (hyperbole) involves deliberate exaggeration for emphasis. In classical Turkish rhetoric, teşbih is a traditional form of explicit comparison, often intertwined with benzetme, and continues to be discussed in modern typologies of figurative language.

The study of ifodalar covers their function in shaping tone, imagery, and perspective. In poetry, especially, they contribute to musicality and visual effect; in prose, they enhance voice and texture. Turkish writers across periods—ranging from Divan poetry to modern fiction and journalism—rely on these devices to convey complex ideas succinctly and evocatively. They are taught in language and literature curricula as part of stylistic analysis and are used by speakers and writers to influence interpretation, mood, and persuasion.