IUDsprimarily

IUDs, or intrauterine devices, are small, T-shaped devices placed inside the uterus to provide long-acting reversible contraception. They are among the most effective forms of birth control, with failure rates under 1% per year and durations ranging from 3 to 12 years depending on the type.

There are two main types: copper IUDs, which are non-hormonal and can remain in place for about 10 to 12 years; and hormonal IUDs, which release a small amount of levonorgestrel and last 3 to 7 years depending on the brand. Copper IUDs create a hostile environment for sperm, while hormonal IUDs thicken cervical mucus, thin the lining of the uterus, and may suppress ovulation in some users.

Insertion is performed by a trained clinician during a pelvic exam. Some cramping and spotting are common after placement. After insertion, patients are advised to check the removal threads periodically and to seek medical advice for any severe pain, heavy bleeding, or fever.

Effectiveness is high for both types and is largely independent of daily user actions. IUDs do not protect against sexually transmitted infections. At times, hormonal IUDs reduce or stop menstrual bleeding, while copper IUDs may cause heavier or longer periods in the initial months. Risks, though uncommon, include expulsion (the device exiting the uterus), uterine perforation, and pelvic infection, particularly around insertion.

Contraindications include current pregnancy, uterine abnormalities that impair placement, active pelvic infection, Wilson’s disease (for copper IUD), and certain unmanaged menstrual or cancer conditions. Copper IUDs can also function as emergency contraception when inserted within five days of unprotected intercourse.