Hüpofüüsis

Hüpofüüsis, commonly known as the pituitary gland, is a small, pea-sized endocrine gland located at the base of the brain, just below the hypothalamus. Despite its small size, it plays a crucial role in regulating a wide array of bodily functions. The pituitary gland is divided into two main lobes: the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary. Each lobe is responsible for producing and secreting different hormones.

The anterior pituitary produces hormones such as growth hormone (GH), which stimulates growth and cell reproduction; thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which regulates the thyroid gland; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands; follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which are involved in reproductive functions; and prolactin, which stimulates milk production.

The posterior pituitary does not produce its own hormones but instead stores and releases hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus. These include antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, which helps regulate water balance and blood pressure, and oxytocin, which is involved in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.

The pituitary gland's activity is largely controlled by the hypothalamus, which is connected to the pituitary by a stalk of blood vessels and nerve fibers. This close relationship allows the hypothalamus to signal the pituitary when to release or suppress its hormones, thereby maintaining hormonal balance throughout the body. Malfunctions of the pituitary gland can lead to various medical conditions, including growth disorders, thyroid problems, and reproductive issues.