Hüdroenergia

Hüdroenergia, or hydro energy, is energy derived from the movement or potential energy of water, typically converted into electricity by hydroelectric plants. In Azerbaijani language, Hüdroenergia refers to hydroelectric power. The basic components are a water source, a turbine, a generator, and control systems. Water flow or storage drives the turbine, which spins the generator to produce electricity.

Forms include storage hydro, using dams and reservoirs to regulate output; run-of-river systems that rely on natural flow with little storage; and pumped-storage, which transfers water between reservoirs to store or release energy as needed.

Advantages: it is renewable and emits little greenhouse gas when operating, offers high efficiency and large-scale electricity, and can provide fast ramping and grid services. It can also support water management and flood control through reservoirs.

Disadvantages: ecological and social impacts, including habitat disruption, fish passage barriers, sediment buildup, and possible displacement; high capital costs and long lead times; and vulnerability to drought and climate change.

Globally, hydroelectric power remains a major source of renewable electricity and a key part of many energy systems. Developments focus on minimizing environmental effects, enhancing fish passage and reservoir management, and expanding pumped-storage capacity to balance variable wind and solar.