Hypofosforemia

Hypofosforemia, also known as hypophosphatemia, is a clinical condition characterized by an abnormally low level of phosphate in the blood. Phosphate is an essential mineral involved in numerous biological processes, including energy production, bone mineralization, and cellular function. Normal blood phosphate levels typically range from 2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL.

The condition can result from various causes, including decreased intestinal absorption due to malnutrition or malabsorption syndromes, increased cellular uptake of phosphate during recovery from certain illnesses, renal phosphate wasting, or excessive use of phosphate-binding medications. It may also occur in association with alcohol withdrawal, diabetic ketoacidosis, or certain medications such as diuretics and antacids.

Symptoms of hypofosforemia may be mild or absent in mild cases, but more severe deficiency can lead to muscle weakness, respiratory failure, hemolytic anemia, impaired myocardial function, and neurological disturbances such as confusion or seizures. In chronic cases, it can contribute to osteomalacia or rickets due to defective bone mineralization.

Diagnosis is primarily based on blood tests confirming low serum phosphate levels, along with evaluation of underlying causes. Treatment typically involves addressing the root cause and oral or intravenous phosphate supplementation. Monitoring of serum phosphate levels is essential during therapy to prevent complications such as hypocalcemia or soft tissue calcification.

Prevention and management of hypofosforemia depend on appropriate nutritional intake, careful use of medications, and management of underlying syndromes. While generally treatable, prompt recognition and intervention are crucial to prevent serious complications.