Hyperosmolalitás

Hyperosmolality refers to a state where the concentration of solutes in a solution is higher than normal, leading to an increased osmotic pressure. In a biological context, it typically describes the condition of the blood plasma. When blood plasma becomes hyperosmolar, it means there is an excess of dissolved particles, such as sodium, glucose, or urea, relative to the amount of water.

This increased solute concentration draws water out of cells, including red blood cells and cells within tissues, causing them to shrink. This cellular dehydration can disrupt normal cellular function and lead to a variety of clinical manifestations. Causes of hyperosmolality in the body can include severe dehydration, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (leading to hyperglycemia), kidney failure, certain types of poisoning, and excessive intake of salt or alcohol.

Symptoms of hyperosmolality can vary depending on the severity and underlying cause but often include excessive thirst, dry mouth, decreased urine output, confusion, lethargy, muscle weakness, and in severe cases, seizures or coma. Management focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause and correcting the fluid and electrolyte imbalance, typically by administering appropriate intravenous fluids. It is a serious medical condition requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment.