Hydrophthalmia

Hydrophthalmia is a term sometimes used to describe a severe form of congenital glaucoma. Congenital glaucoma is a rare eye condition present at birth or developing within the first few months of life. It is caused by abnormal development of the eye's drainage system, leading to a buildup of fluid (aqueous humor) within the eye. This increased pressure, known as intraocular pressure, can damage the optic nerve and retina, potentially leading to vision loss if not treated promptly.

The hallmark sign of hydrophthalmia is an enlarged eye, a condition also referred to as buphthalmos. Other common symptoms include excessive tearing (epiphora), sensitivity to light (photophobia), and a cloudy or hazy cornea. The cornea, the clear outer layer of the eye, may appear cloudy due to stretching and damage from the high intraocular pressure. In infants, these symptoms might be mistaken for other common childhood ailments, making early diagnosis crucial.

The diagnosis of hydrophthalmia typically involves a comprehensive eye examination by a pediatric ophthalmologist. This includes measuring intraocular pressure, examining the optic nerve, and assessing the cornea. Treatment for hydrophthalmia aims to reduce intraocular pressure and prevent further optic nerve damage. This often involves surgical intervention, such as a goniotomy or trabeculotomy, to improve the drainage of aqueous humor. In some cases, medication may also be used. Early detection and treatment are essential to preserve vision and achieve the best possible visual outcome for affected children.