Humificación

Humificación refers to the biological and chemical process by which organic matter, such as dead plant and animal material, is transformed into a stable, dark, and carbon-rich substance known as humus. This process is a fundamental part of nutrient cycling in ecosystems, particularly in soils. It is primarily carried out by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi, which break down complex organic compounds into simpler ones.

The rate and extent of humification depend on various factors, including temperature, moisture, oxygen availability, and the chemical composition of the original organic matter. For instance, aerobic conditions (presence of oxygen) generally lead to faster decomposition and humification compared to anaerobic conditions. Different types of organic matter also humify at varying rates; woody materials, for example, are more resistant to decomposition than leafy materials.

Humus plays a crucial role in soil health. It improves soil structure by binding soil particles together, which enhances water infiltration and aeration. It also increases the soil's cation exchange capacity, meaning it can hold onto essential nutrients and prevent them from being leached away. Furthermore, humus acts as a reservoir of nutrients, releasing them slowly over time through further microbial decomposition, thereby supporting plant growth. The formation of humus is a slow process, and its accumulation is vital for maintaining fertile and productive soils.