Hipovolêmica

Hipovolêmica refers to a state of abnormally low blood volume within the circulatory system. This condition, also known as hypovolemia, can arise from various causes, primarily significant fluid loss from the body. Common reasons include severe dehydration, excessive bleeding due to trauma or internal hemorrhage, persistent vomiting, prolonged diarrhea, and extensive burns.

The consequences of hypovolêmica are directly related to the reduced circulating blood volume. This leads to decreased venous return to the heart, subsequently lowering cardiac output. As a result, the body's tissues and organs may not receive an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients, a condition called hypoperfusion. Symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the volume loss but often include a rapid heart rate (tachycardia), low blood pressure (hypotension), thirst, dry skin, decreased urine output, and in severe cases, confusion or loss of consciousness.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, assessment of vital signs, and potentially blood tests to evaluate electrolyte levels and organ function. Treatment focuses on rapidly restoring the lost fluid volume. This is usually achieved through intravenous fluid administration, such as saline or Ringer's lactate. In cases of significant blood loss, blood transfusions may be necessary. Addressing the underlying cause of the fluid loss is also a critical component of management to prevent recurrence. Prompt recognition and treatment of hypovolêmica are essential to prevent progression to hypovolemic shock, a life-threatening condition.